Concentrated Funds: Benefits of a Focused Approach

Below we highlight research demonstrating the benefits of the focused approach provided by concentrated funds. We examine the differentiating features of concentrated portfolios, their lower correlation compared to the overall market and their role in a diversified portfolio as a complement to a broad-based equity portfolio.

A “Best Ideas” Portfolio

A concentrated equity portfolio is distinct from other mutual funds in that it is generally focused on a portfolio manager’s “best ideas.” The following outlines the significant differences that result from holding fewer stock positions.

Limited Number of Holdings by Design

In a concentrated fund, portfolio managers intentionally limit the number of holdings. Focused funds generally hold less than 50 stocks, resulting in each holding carrying more weight compared to funds that hold many more positions, i.e. 100 to 200. For example, in an equally weighted portfolio, composition may be as follows:

  • A concentrated fund with 50 stocks allocates 2% to each position.
  • A fund with 200 stocks allocates 0.5% to each position.

More often, in funds that hold a larger number of holdings, managers maintain a higher weighting in stocks they believe have the most potential and then add smaller positions. These positions are minute for any number of reasons, i.e., they may be less desirable, have less growth potential or may be an emerging opportunity. Nevertheless, rather than contributing to alpha, these small stock positions can act as a distraction to a manager and dilute performance. In “Best Ideas,” researchers Randolph B. Cohen, Christopher Polk, and Bernhard Silli describe these portfolios that hold numerous stocks as containing a “few core high conviction positions – the best ideas – and then a large number of additional positions which may have less expected excess return but which serve to ‘round out’ the portfolio.”1

Concentrated yet Diversified

In “rounding out” the portfolio, it has been assumed that only a fund with a larger number of holdings can be fully diversified and, therefore, less volatile. Yet research shows diversification can also be obtained with a much smaller number of stocks. Finance textbook Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management highlighted the classic 1968 findings of John Evans and Stephen Archer along with Thomas Tole’s 1982 research which demonstrated that “90 percent of the maximum benefit of diversification [was] derived from portfolios of 12 to 18 stocks.” Further, as the number of holdings increased to approximately 20, a gradual reduction in portfolio risk occurs.

Consider the following illustration. While a portfolio of one holding yielded the highest standard deviation, the standard deviation rapidly declined as stocks were added. To obtain the same level of risk as the market – known as systematic risk – 20 stocks was considered to be the minimum number of holdings. As the portfolio adds holdings after this level, standard deviation mostly levels off to that of market risk.2

Number of Stocks in a Portfolio and the Standard Deviation of Return

As a result, concentrated funds have been found to offer approximately the same level of portfolio risk as funds with twice the number of holdings.

History of Outperformance

With risk being relatively the same as broad-based funds, several research studies have found that a noticeable benefit of concentrated funds is outperformance. Below highlights a few of these studies.

Active Share

The term “active share,” introduced in 2006 by academics Martijn Cremers and Antti Petajisto, represents a mutual fund’s share of portfolio holdings that differ from the holdings of its benchmark index. A fund can have an active share from 0 to 100: An index fund that mirrors the holdings of its benchmark would score 0, while a fund with no holdings that overlap those in the benchmark index would have an active share of 100.

This measure has helped investors distinguish a “closet indexer” who holds a high number of stocks that are also in the index from an active stock picker who holds equities that are not in the index. According to Cremers and Petajisto, active share is useful as it “provides information about a fund’s potential for beating its benchmark index – after all, an active manager can only add value relative to the index by deviating from it.”3

In fact, deviating from the benchmark index has historically been relevant to adding alpha, as Cremers and Petajisto found that the funds with the highest active share exhibited strong outperformance. Importantly, among these active stock pickers were focused funds, as the study also found that concentrated funds tend to have a high active share.

By comparing annualized, equally weighted gross returns of funds to the returns of their respective benchmarks from January 1990 through December 2009, Petajisto found that “most of the outperformance came from the stock pickers and concentrated funds” which gained 2.61% and 1.64% over their respective benchmark indices. By comparison, closet indexers added only 0.44% over the benchmark index on an annualized gross return basis.4

Historical Outperformance

Additional research has found that concentrated funds made of managers’ “best ideas” have added value above the benchmark index. Cohen, Polk and Silli, researchers previously mentioned earlier in this paper, used “four tilt measures” to identify best positions and found that concentrated U.S. positions outperformed the market by a range of 1% to 2.5% per quarter from January 1984 through December 2007. These “best ideas” have also outperformed other stocks in the portfolio that held smaller weightings. Researchers from Emory University, Klaas P. Baks, Jeffrey A. Busse, and T. Clifton Green, agree that there is a positive relationship between performance and a manager’s conviction in their best ideas. As stated in their paper, “Fund Managers Who Take Big Bets: Skilled or Overconfident?” they found “focused managers outperform precisely because their big bets outperform the top holdings of more diversified funds.”5 Analyzing actively managed U.S. domestic equity funds, they focused on a stock’s position in the portfolio as a measure of the fund manager’s level of optimism relative to other securities. Based largely on the portfolio holdings and managers’ willingness to “take big bets in a relatively small number of stocks,” they determined that concentrated managers outperformed their non-concentrated counterparts by about 4% annually.

A Word about Risk

According to Danny Yeung, Paolo Pellizzari, Ron Bird and Sazali Abidin, concentrated funds can offer outsized returns with similar risk as measured by standard deviation.6 The researchers from The Paul Woolley Centre for the Study of Capital Market Dysfunctionality at the University of Technology, Sydney examined how portfolio managers would have performed if the funds were more concentrated in the stocks in which they had the most conviction.

Comparing the index weightings and strengths of the managers’ opinion, they looked at more than 4,700 actively managed funds over the 1999-2009 time period. In regard to risk, they found that,

“…the concentrated portfolios have higher total risk as measured by the standard deviation of the returns. However, these progressively decrease as the number of stocks in the concentrated portfolios increase. Indeed by the time the portfolio holdings increase to 25 to 30 stocks, the standard deviations for the concentrated portfolios are equivalent to those for the diversified portfolios which is consistent with previous evidence on the number of stocks required to include in a portfolio to gain the majority of the advantages’ of diversification.”

Portfolio Application

High conviction portfolios are made of the portfolio managers’ best ideas. Generally when the managers are limited to selecting fewer holdings, the portfolio does not get diluted by marginal stocks, i.e., stocks that they are less enthused about.

Rather, with fewer holdings, portfolio managers can better focus on those stocks in which they hold a high conviction. These best ideas can be purchased, held and thoroughly understood. They can more easily gain a deeper knowledge of these companies, getting to know the management team of each company, understand their capital structure and deployment, participate in manager calls and read financial reports.

Potentially Lower Turnover

With a deep understanding of the company, portfolio managers can take a longer term view to allow the firm the time to implement and achieve its goals. More patience is gained and the manager tends to be less likely to sell shares during periods of short-term disappointments. This strategy tends to result in lower portfolio turnover and potentially lower capital gains distributions for investors.

Complementary to Core Holdings

Within a concentrated portfolio, stocks may not be closely followed by Wall Street research. As a result, a “best ideas” portfolio is likely to have a lower correlation to a broadbased equity portfolio or an index fund that tracks the overall market. In a core-satellite approach to portfolio construction, this lower correlation makes a concentrated fund an ideal candidate as a satellite position, as it can be viewed as complementary to core equity portfolios.

Further Research

Value Line Funds' Concentrated Portfolios

Value Line Funds offers three Funds with concentrated portfolios.

Value Line Larger Companies
Focused Fund
(VALLX/VLLIX)
Value Line Mid Cap
Focused Fund
(VLIFX/VLMIX)
Value Line
Select Growth Fund*
(VALSX/VILSX)
Holdings Range 25-50 25-50 25-50
Objective Long-term growth of capital Long-term growth of capital Long-term growth of capital
Market Cap Focus Large Cap Mid Cap Large Cap
Style Faster Growth Consistent Growth Consistent Growth

By owning fewer securities, more capital can be allocated to the “best ideas” in each respective universe, while maintaining a diversified portfolio. With a longer-term investment view and holding period, these Funds may experience short-term periods of both relative outperformance and underperformance. However, over time, the more concentrated, “best ideas” portfolios may have the potential to provide superior levels of capital appreciation for investors with a long time horizon.

1

Cohen, Randolph B. and Polk, Christopher and Silli, Bernhard. “Best Ideas,” March 15, 2010. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1364827.

2

Reilly, Frank K. and Brown, Keith C.Investment Analysis & Portfolio Management, 10th Edition.2010.

3

Cremers, Martijn and Petajisto, Antti. “How Active Is Your Fund Manager? A New Measure That Predicts Performance,” AFA 2007 Chicago Meetings Paper March 31, 2009.

4

Petajisto, Antti. “Active Share and Mutual Fund Performance,” CFA Institute Financial Analysts Journal, Volume 69, Number 4, 2013.

5

Baks, Klaas P. and Busse, Jeffery A. and Green, T. Clifton. “Fund Managers Who Take Big Bets: Skilled or Overconfident,” March 2006.

6

Yeung, Danny and Pellizzari, Paolo and Bird, Ron and Abidin, Sazali. “Diversification versus Concentration ... and the Winner is?” The Paul Woolley Centre for the Study of Capital Market Dysfunctionality, UTS, Working Paper Series 18.

*

formerly Value Line Premier Growth Fund

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